# Walkthrough: NATSBridge

**Version**: 1.0.0  
**Date**: 2026-03-13  
**Status**: Active  
**Ground Truth**: [`src/NATSBridge.jl`](../src/NATSBridge.jl)

---

## Executive Summary

This document provides the **story of flow** for NATSBridge - the cross-platform bi-directional data bridge that enables seamless communication between **Julia**, **JavaScript**, **Python**, and **MicroPython** applications using NATS as the message bus.

This walkthrough serves as the primary onboarding guide for new developers and explains:
- **User scenarios** - Real-world use cases from developer perspective
- **Why steps are sequenced** - The rationale behind architectural decisions
- **What could go wrong** - Common failure scenarios and recovery strategies

---

## Overview: The Big Picture

NATSBridge implements the **Claim-Check pattern** for efficient handling of large payloads (>0.5MB):

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    NATSBridge Architecture                          │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                     │
│  ┌──────────────┐        ┌──────────────┐                          │
│  │   Sender     │        │   Receiver   │                          │
│  │              │        │              │                          │
│  │ ┌──────────┐ │        │ ┌──────────┐ │                          │
│  │ │smartsend │◀─────────┤ │smartreceive│ │                          │
│  │ └────┬─────┘ │        │ └────┬─────┘ │                          │
│  │      │       │        │      │       │                          │
│  │      ▼       │        │      ▼       │                          │
│  │ ┌──────────┐ │        │ ┌──────────┐ │                          │
│  │ │Serialize │◀─────────┤ │Deserialize│ │                          │
│  │ └────┬─────┘ │        │ └────┬─────┘ │                          │
│  │      │       │        │      │       │                          │
│  │      ▼       │        │      ▼       │                          │
│  │ ┌──────────┐ │        │ ┌──────────┐ │                          │
│  │ │Transport  │◀─────────┤ │Transport │ │                          │
│  │ │Selection │ │        │ │Selection │ │                          │
│  │ └────┬─────┘ │        │ └────┬─────┘ │                          │
│  │      │       │        │      │       │                          │
│  │      ▼       │        │      ▼       │                          │
│  │ ┌──────────┐ │        │ ┌──────────┐ │                          │
│  │ │  NATS    │◀─────────┤ │  NATS    │ │                          │
│  │ │Publish   │ │        │ │Subscribe │ │                          │
│  │ └──────────┘ │        │ └──────────┘ │                          │
│  │              │        │              │                          │
│  │ ┌──────────┐ │        │ ┌──────────┐ │                          │
│  │ │File Server│◀─────────┤ │File Server│ │                          │
│  │ │Upload    │ │        │ │Download  │ │                          │
│  │ └──────────┘ │        │ └──────────┘ │                          │
│  └──────────────┘        └──────────────┘                          │
│                                                                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

### Key Design Principles

| Principle | Description | Rationale |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
| **Claim-Check Pattern** | Large payloads uploaded to HTTP server, URL sent via NATS | NATS has message size limits; avoids NATS overflow |
| **Automatic Transport Selection** | Direct (< threshold) vs Link (≥ threshold) based on size | Optimizes memory vs network I/O trade-off |
| **Cross-Platform API** | Consistent `smartsend()`/`smartreceive()` across all platforms | Simplifies developer experience |
| **Exponential Backoff** | Retry downloads with increasing delays | Handles transient failures gracefully |

---

## User Scenario 1: Chat Webapp ↔ Julia Backend

### Scenario Description

A JavaScript chat webapp wants to send mixed payloads (text message + user avatar image) to a Julia backend, and receive mixed payloads (text response + AI-generated image) back.

### Step-by-Step Flow

#### Step 1: JavaScript Webapp Sends Mixed Payloads

```javascript
// JavaScript (Browser or Node.js)
const [env, msgJson] = await NATSBridge.smartsend(
    "/agent/wine/api/v1/prompt",
    [
        ["msg", "Hello! I'm Ton.", "text"],
        ["avatar", avatarImageData, "image"]
    ],
    {
        broker_url: "ws://localhost:4222",
        receiver_name: "agent-backend",
        msg_purpose: "chat"
    }
);
```

**Rationale**:
- **Why mixed payloads?** Real chat apps often send both text and images together
- **Why text first?** Text is smaller, sent via direct transport (fast, no file server needed)
- **Why image second?** Images may trigger link transport if >0.5MB

#### Step 2: Transport Selection

For each payload, NATSBridge determines transport:

| Payload | Size | Transport | Reason |
|---------|------|-----------|--------|
| `"msg"` (text) | ~20 bytes | direct | < 0.5MB threshold |
| `"avatar"` (image) | ~150KB | direct | < 0.5MB threshold |

**Rationale**:
- Direct transport is faster for small payloads (no file server round-trip)
- Link transport is used when payload ≥ 0.5MB (avoids NATS size limits)

#### Step 3: Serialization and Encoding

Each payload is serialized:

| Payload | Type | Serialization | Encoding |
|---------|------|---------------|----------|
| `"msg"` | `text` | UTF-8 bytes | Base64 |
| `"avatar"` | `image` | Raw bytes | Base64 |

**Rationale**:
- Text uses UTF-8 encoding for human-readable data
- Images use raw bytes to preserve binary data integrity
- All payloads encoded as Base64 for JSON compatibility

#### Step 4: Envelope Building

NATSBridge builds the message envelope:

```json
{
  "correlation_id": "a1b2c3d4...",
  "msg_id": "e5f6g7h8...",
  "timestamp": "2026-03-13T16:30:00.000Z",
  "send_to": "/agent/wine/api/v1/prompt",
  "msg_purpose": "chat",
  "sender_name": "chat-webapp",
  "sender_id": "sender-uuid...",
  "receiver_name": "agent-backend",
  "receiver_id": "",
  "reply_to": "/agent/wine/api/v1/response",
  "reply_to_msg_id": "",
  "broker_url": "ws://localhost:4222",
  "metadata": {},
  "payloads": [
    {
      "id": "payload-uuid...",
      "dataname": "msg",
      "payload_type": "text",
      "transport": "direct",
      "encoding": "base64",
      "size": 20,
      "data": "SGVsbG8hIEknIHRlbCB5b3UgSW4gZW5nbGlzaC4=",
      "metadata": {"payload_bytes": 20}
    },
    {
      "id": "payload-uuid...",
      "dataname": "avatar",
      "payload_type": "image",
      "transport": "direct",
      "encoding": "base64",
      "size": 150000,
      "data": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAA...",
      "metadata": {"payload_bytes": 150000}
    }
  ]
}
```

**Rationale**:
- **correlation_id**: Tracks this chat session across all systems
- **reply_to**: Tells backend where to send response
- **payloads array**: Contains all data with metadata for proper handling

#### Step 5: Publish to NATS

```javascript
await NATSBridge.NATSClient.connect("ws://localhost:4222");
await NATSBridge.NATSClient.publish("/agent/wine/api/v1/prompt", msgJson);
```

**Rationale**:
- NATS provides low-latency message delivery
- JSON format ensures cross-platform compatibility

#### Step 6: Julia Backend Receives Message

```julia
# Julia backend
msg = NATS.subscription.next()  # Get message from NATS
env = smartreceive(msg)

# env["payloads"] is now:
# [
#     ("msg", "Hello! I'm Ton.", "text"),
#     ("avatar", binary_data, "image")
# ]
```

**Rationale**:
- `smartreceive()` handles both transport types automatically
- Deserialization is type-aware based on `payload_type`
- Returns consistent tuple format regardless of transport

#### Step 7: Julia Backend Sends Response

```julia
# Julia backend processes the message
response_text = "Hello Ton! I'm the AI assistant."
generated_image = generate_ai_image(response_text)

env, msg_json = smartsend(
    "/agent/wine/api/v1/response",
    [
        ("response", response_text, "text"),
        ("generated_image", generated_image, "image")
    ],
    reply_to = "/chat/user/v1/message",
    reply_to_msg_id = msg["msg_id"]
)
```

**Rationale**:
- **Mixed response**: Text explanation + AI-generated image
- **reply_to**: Ensures response goes to correct topic
- **reply_to_msg_id**: Links response to original message for tracing

---

## User Scenario 2: Large File Transfer

### Scenario Description

A JavaScript webapp wants to upload a large file (10MB) to a Julia backend for processing.

### Step-by-Step Flow

#### Step 1: JavaScript Webapp Sends Large File

```javascript
const [env, msgJson] = await NATSBridge.smartsend(
    "/agent/wine/api/v1/process",
    [
        ["file", largeFileData, "binary"]
    ],
    {
        broker_url: "ws://localhost:4222",
        receiver_name: "agent-backend"
    }
);
```

#### Step 2: Transport Selection (Link)

| Payload | Size | Transport | Reason |
|---------|------|-----------|--------|
| `"file"` | 10MB | link | ≥ 0.5MB threshold |

**Rationale**:
- Link transport used for large payloads
- File server handles large file upload
- NATS only sends URL (small message)

#### Step 3: File Server Upload

```javascript
// NATSBridge internally calls:
const response = await plikOneshotUpload(
    "http://localhost:8080",
    "file",
    largeFileData
);

// Response:
// {
//   status: 200,
//   uploadid: "UPLOAD_ID",
//   fileid: "FILE_ID",
//   url: "http://localhost:8080/file/UPLOAD_ID/FILE_ID/file"
// }
```

**Rationale**:
- Plik handles multipart upload
- One-shot mode simplifies API
- Returns URL for download

#### Step 4: Envelope with Link Transport

```json
{
  "correlation_id": "a1b2c3d4...",
  "payloads": [
    {
      "id": "payload-uuid...",
      "dataname": "file",
      "payload_type": "binary",
      "transport": "link",
      "encoding": "none",
      "size": 10000000,
      "data": "http://localhost:8080/file/UPLOAD_ID/FILE_ID/file",
      "metadata": {}
    }
  ]
}
```

**Rationale**:
- `data` field contains URL instead of Base64
- `transport: "link"` signals URL-based download
- `encoding: "none"` indicates no additional encoding

#### Step 5: Julia Backend Receives and Downloads

```julia
# Julia backend
msg = NATS.subscription.next()
env = smartreceive(msg)

# NATSBridge automatically:
# 1. Extracts URL from payload
# 2. Downloads with exponential backoff
# 3. Deserializes to binary data
```

**Rationale**:
- Exponential backoff handles transient failures
- Automatic download simplifies receiver code
- Binary data returned directly

---

## User Scenario 3: Tabular Data Exchange

### Scenario Description

A Python application sends tabular data (pandas DataFrame) to a Julia backend for analysis, and receives processed results back.

### Step-by-Step Flow

#### Step 1: Python Sends Tabular Data

```python
# Python
import pandas as pd
from natsbridge import smartsend

df = pd.DataFrame({
    "id": [1, 2, 3],
    "name": ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"],
    "score": [95, 88, 92]
})

env, msg_json = await smartsend(
    "/agent/wine/api/v1/analyze",
    [("data", df, "arrowtable")],
    broker_url="nats://localhost:4222",
    receiver_name="agent-backend"
)
```

**Rationale**:
- `arrowtable` type for efficient tabular data transfer
- Arrow IPC format preserves data types
- Much faster than JSON serialization

#### Step 2: Serialization to Arrow IPC

```python
# NATSBridge internally:
import pyarrow as pa
import pyarrow.ipc as ipc

table = pa.Table.from_pandas(df)
buf = io.BytesIO()
sink = ipc.new_file(buf, table.schema)
ipc.write_table(table, sink)
arrow_bytes = buf.getvalue()
```

**Rationale**:
- Arrow IPC preserves column types
- Binary format is compact
- No schema information loss

#### Step 3: Julia Receives and Deserializes

```julia
# Julia backend
msg = NATS.subscription.next()
env = smartreceive(msg)

# env["payloads"][1] is now:
# ("data", DataFrame with id, name, score columns, "arrowtable")
```

**Rationale**:
- Arrow.jl reads IPC format directly
- DataFrame returned with correct types
- No manual parsing needed

#### Step 4: Julia Sends Results

```julia
# Julia backend
results = analyze_data(env["payloads"][1][2])

# Send results back
env, msg_json = smartsend(
    "/agent/wine/api/v1/results",
    [("results", results, "arrowtable")],
    reply_to = "/python/worker/v1/results"
)
```

**Rationale**:
- Arrow IPC format for efficient round-trip
- Results preserve DataFrame structure
- Python can deserialize to pandas DataFrame

---

## User Scenario 4: MicroPython Device

### Scenario Description

A MicroPython sensor device sends sensor readings to a Python backend.

### Step-by-Step Flow

#### Step 1: MicroPython Sends Sensor Data

```python
# MicroPython
from natsbridge import smartsend

sensor_data = {
    "temperature": 25.5,
    "humidity": 60.0,
    "pressure": 1013.25
}

env, msg_json = smartsend(
    "/sensor/device/v1/readings",
    [("data", sensor_data, "dictionary")],
    broker_url="nats://localhost:4222",
    size_threshold=100000  # 100KB for MicroPython
)
```

**Rationale**:
- `dictionary` type for JSON-serializable sensor data
- Smaller threshold (100KB) for memory constraints
- Direct transport only (no file server support)

#### Step 2: Serialization

```python
# NATSBridge internally:
json_str = json.dumps(sensor_data)
json_bytes = json_str.encode('utf-8')
payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json_bytes).decode('ascii')
```

**Rationale**:
- JSON format for human-readable data
- Base64 for NATS compatibility
- UTF-8 for text encoding

#### Step 3: Python Backend Receives

```python
# Python backend
msg = await nats_consumer.next()
env = await smartreceive(msg)

# env["payloads"][0] is now:
# ("data", {"temperature": 25.5, "humidity": 60.0, ...}, "dictionary")
```

**Rationale**:
- JSON deserialization
- Dictionary returned directly
- No Arrow support (memory constraints)

---

## User Scenario 5: Cross-Platform Chat with Mixed Payloads

### Scenario Description

Multiple platforms (JavaScript, Python, Julia) communicate in a chat application with mixed payload types.

### Step-by-Step Flow

#### Step 1: JavaScript Sends Chat Message

```javascript
// JavaScript (Frontend)
const [env, msgJson] = await NATSBridge.smartsend(
    "/chat/user/v1/message",
    [
        ["text", "Check this out!", "text"],
        ["image", imageData, "image"]
    ],
    {
        broker_url: "ws://localhost:4222",
        receiver_name: "",
        msg_purpose: "chat"
    }
);
```

**Rationale**:
- Empty `receiver_name` = broadcast to all subscribers
- Chat messages often include text + images
- NATS wildcard subscriptions route to correct recipients

#### Step 2: Python Backend Receives

```python
# Python (Backend)
msg = await nats_consumer.next()
env = await smartreceive(msg)

# env["payloads"] is now:
# [
#     ("text", "Check this out!", "text"),
#     ("image", binary_data, "image")
# ]
```

**Rationale**:
- Consistent API across platforms
- Same payload structure regardless of sender
- Type information preserved

#### Step 3: Julia Backend Receives

```julia
# Julia (Backend)
msg = NATS.subscription.next()
env = smartreceive(msg)

# env["payloads"] is now:
# [
#     ("text", "Check this out!", "text"),
#     ("image", binary_data, "image")
# ]
```

**Rationale**:
- Cross-platform API parity
- Same function signature across platforms
- Type information enables proper deserialization

#### Step 4: All Platforms Reply

Each platform can reply using the same API:

```python
# Python reply
await smartsend(
    "/chat/user/v1/reply",
    [("response", "Nice!", "text")],
    reply_to="/chat/user/v1/message"
)
```

```julia
# Julia reply
smartsend(
    "/chat/user/v1/reply",
    [("response", "Nice!", "text")],
    reply_to="/chat/user/v1/message"
)
```

```javascript
// JavaScript reply
await NATSBridge.smartsend(
    "/chat/user/v1/reply",
    [["response", "Nice!", "text"]],
    { reply_to: "/chat/user/v1/message" }
);
```

**Rationale**:
- Same API across platforms
- Consistent behavior
- Easy to maintain parity

---

## Error Handling

### Common Error Scenarios

| Scenario | Error | Recovery |
|----------|-------|----------|
| File server unavailable | `UPLOAD_FAILED` | Fall back to direct transport or smaller payloads |
| File server download fails | `DOWNLOAD_FAILED` | Retry with exponential backoff |
| Payload type mismatch | `DESERIALIZATION_ERROR` | Validate payload_type matches data |
| NATS connection lost | `NATS_CONNECTION_FAILED` | NATS client auto-reconnects |

### Error Response Format

```json
{
  "correlation_id": "abc123...",
  "error": {
    "code": "DOWNLOAD_FAILED",
    "message": "Failed to fetch data after 5 attempts",
    "details": {
      "url": "http://localhost:8080/file/...",
      "correlation_id": "abc123..."
    }
  }
}
```

---

## Debugging and Tracing

### Correlation ID Tracking

Every message includes a `correlation_id`:

```julia
# At start of request
correlation_id = string(uuid4())

# Use throughout the flow
log_trace(correlation_id, "Starting smartsend")
log_trace(correlation_id, "Serialized payload size: 100 bytes")
log_trace(correlation_id, "Published to NATS")
```

**Log Format**:
```
[2026-03-13T16:30:00.000Z] [Correlation: abc123...] Starting smartsend
[2026-03-13T16:30:00.001Z] [Correlation: abc123...] Serialized payload size: 100 bytes
[2026-03-13T16:30:00.002Z] [Correlation: abc123...] Published to NATS
```

---

## Performance Considerations

### Optimization Strategies

| Strategy | Description | When to Use |
|----------|-------------|-------------|
| Pre-create NATS connection | Reuse connection for multiple sends | High-throughput scenarios |
| Adjust size threshold | Increase threshold if file server slow | File server bottleneck |
| Use direct transport | Avoid file server for small payloads | Low latency requirements |

### Size Threshold by Platform

| Platform | Threshold | Notes |
|----------|-----------|-------|
| Desktop (Julia/JS/Python) | 500,000 bytes (0.5MB) | Default threshold |
| MicroPython | 100,000 bytes (100KB) | Lower threshold for memory constraints |

---

## Deployment Considerations

### Minimum Infrastructure

| Component | Minimum | Notes |
|-----------|---------|-------|
| NATS Server | 1 instance | Single node for development |
| File Server | 1 instance | HTTP server for large payloads |
| Client Memory | 50MB | Desktop platforms |
| Client Memory | 256KB | MicroPython devices |

### Environment Variables

| Variable | Default | Description |
|----------|---------|-------------|
| `NATS_URL` | `nats://localhost:4222` | NATS server URL |
| `FILESERVER_URL` | `http://localhost:8080` | HTTP file server URL |
| `SIZE_THRESHOLD` | `1000000` | Size threshold in bytes |

---

## Change Log

| Date | Version | Changes |
|------|---------|---------|
| 2026-03-13 | 1.0.0 | Initial walkthrough documentation |

---

## References

- [`docs/requirements.md`](./requirements.md) - Business requirements and user stories
- [`docs/spec.md`](./spec.md) - Technical specification and contracts
- [`docs/architecture.md`](./architecture.md) - System architecture diagrams
- [`src/NATSBridge.jl`](../src/NATSBridge.jl) - Ground truth implementation
- [`README.md`](../README.md) - Project overview

---

*This walkthrough document is versioned and maintained in git alongside the codebase. All implementations must adhere to this documentation.*

<tool_call>
<function=update_todo_list>
<parameter=todos>
[x] Analyze existing documentation (requirements.md, spec.md, architecture.md)
[x] Read all source files in src/ folder
[x] Write docs/walkthrough.md according to SDD framework with user scenarios