add padding function to imgScalePadding()

This commit is contained in:
ton
2023-04-14 03:23:43 +00:00
parent c43d949309
commit 39b417dd94
15256 changed files with 525519 additions and 1048290 deletions

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.\"
.\" Author: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZDEC 1 "19. April 2017" Tukaani XZ\-Dienstprogramme
.SH BEZEICHNUNG
xzdec, lzmadec \- Kleine Dekompressoren für .xz und .lzma
.SH ÜBERSICHT
\fBxzdec\fP [\fIOption…\fP] [\fIDatei…\fP]
.br
\fBlzmadec\fP [\fIOption…\fP] [\fIDatei…\fP]
.SH BESCHREIBUNG
\fBxzdec\fP ist ein auf Liblzma basierendes Nur\-Dekompressionswerkzeug für
\&\fB.xz\fP\-Dateien (und \fBnur\fP für \fB.xz\fP\-Dateien). \fBxzdec\fP ist als direkter
Ersatz für \fBxz\fP(1) in jenen Situationen konzipiert, wo ein Skript \fBxz \-\-decompress \-\-stdout\fP (und eventuelle einige andere höufig genutzte
Optionen) zum Dekomprimieren von \fB.xz\fP\-Dateien. \fBlzmadec\fP ist weitgehend
identisch zu \fBxzdec\fP, mit der Ausnahme, dass \fBlzmadec\fP \fB.lzma\fP\-Dateien
anstelle von \fB.xz\fP\-Dateien unterstützt.
.PP
Um die Größe der ausführbaren Datei zu reduzieren, unterstützt \fBxzdec\fP
weder Multithreading noch Lokalisierung. Außerdem liest es keine Optionen
aus den Umgebungsvariablen \fBXZ_DEFAULTS\fP und \fBXZ_OPT\fP. \fBxzdec\fP
unterstützt keine zwischenzeitlichen Fortschrittsinformationen: Das Senden
von \fBSIGINFO\fP an \fBxzdec\fP hat keine Auswirkungen, jedoch beendet \fBSIGUSR1\fP
den Prozess, anstatt Fortschrittsinformationen anzuzeigen.
.SH OPTIONEN
.TP
\fB\-d\fP, \fB\-\-decompress\fP, \fB\-\-uncompress\fP
ist zwecks Kompatibilität zu \fBxz\fP(1) vorhanden; wird ignoriert. \fBxzdec\fP
unterstützt nur Dekompression.
.TP
\fB\-k\fP, \fB\-\-keep\fP
ist zwecks Kompatibilität zu \fBxz\fP(1) vorhanden; wird ignoriert. \fBxzdec\fP
erzeugt oder entfernt niemals Dateien.
.TP
\fB\-c\fP, \fB\-\-stdout\fP, \fB\-\-to\-stdout\fP
ist zwecks Kompatibilität zu \fBxz\fP(1) vorhanden; wird ignoriert. \fBxzdec\fP
schreibt die dekomprimierten Daten immer in die Standardausgabe.
.TP
\fB\-q\fP, \fB\-\-quiet\fP
hat bei einmaliger Angabe keine Wirkung, da \fBxzdec\fP niemals Warnungen oder
sonstige Meldungen anzeigt. Wenn Sie dies zweimal angeben, werden
Fehlermeldungen unterdrückt.
.TP
\fB\-Q\fP, \fB\-\-no\-warn\fP
ist zwecks Kompatibilität zu \fBxz\fP(1) vorhanden; wird ignoriert. \fBxzdec\fP
verwendet niemals den Exit\-Status 2.
.TP
\fB\-h\fP, \fB\-\-help\fP
zeigt eine Hilfemeldung an und beendet das Programm erfolgreich.
.TP
\fB\-V\fP, \fB\-\-version\fP
zeigt die Versionsnummer von \fBxzdec\fP und liblzma an.
.SH EXIT\-STATUS
.TP
\fB0\fP
Alles ist in Ordnung.
.TP
\fB1\fP
Ein Fehler ist aufgetreten.
.PP
\fBxzdec\fP gibt keine Warnmeldungen wie \fBxz\fP(1) aus, daher wird der
Exit\-Status 2 von \fBxzdec\fP nicht verwendet.
.SH ANMERKUNGEN
Verwenden Sie \fBxz\fP(1) anstelle von \fBxzdec\fP oder \fBlzmadec\fP im normalen
täglichen Gebrauch. \fBxzdec\fP oder \fBlzmadec\fP sind nur für Situationen
gedacht, in denen ein kleinerer Dekompressor statt des voll ausgestatteten
\fBxz\fP(1) wichtig ist.
.PP
\fBxzdec\fP und \fBlzmadec\fP sind nicht wirklich extrem klein. Die Größe kann
durch Deaktivieren von Funktionen bei der Kompilierung von Liblzma weiter
verringert werden, aber das sollte nicht für ausführbare Dateien getan
werden, die in typischen Betriebssystemen ausgeliefert werden, außer in den
Distributionen für eingebettete Systeme. Wenn Sie einen wirklich winzigen
Dekompressor für \fB.xz\fP\-Dateien brauchen, sollten Sie stattdessen XZ
Embedded in Erwägung ziehen.
.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
\fBxz\fP(1)
.PP
XZ Embedded: <https://tukaani.org/xz/embedded.html>

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\"
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\" Andrew Dudman
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZDIFF 1 2021\-06\-04 Tukaani XZ\-Dienstprogramme
.SH BEZEICHNUNG
xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff \- komprimierte Dateien vergleichen
.SH ÜBERSICHT
\fBxzcmp\fP [\fIcmp\-Optionen\fP] \fIDatei1\fP [\fIDatei2\fP]
.br
\fBxzdiff\fP [\fIdiff\-Optionen\fP] \fIDatei1\fP [\fIDatei2\fP]
.br
\fBlzcmp\fP [\fIcmp\-Optionen\fP] \fIDatei1\fP [\fIDatei2\fP]
.br
\fBlzdiff\fP [\fIdiff\-Optionen\fP] \fIDatei1\fP [\fIDatei2\fP]
.SH BESCHREIBUNG
\fBxzcmp\fP and \fBxzdiff\fP invoke \fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1) on files compressed
with \fBxz\fP(1), \fBlzma\fP(1), \fBgzip\fP(1), \fBbzip2\fP(1), \fBlzop\fP(1), or
\fBzstd\fP(1). All options specified are passed directly to \fBcmp\fP(1) or
\fBdiff\fP(1). If only one file is specified, then the files compared are
\fIfile1\fP (which must have a suffix of a supported compression format) and
\fIfile1\fP from which the compression format suffix has been stripped. If two
files are specified, then they are uncompressed if necessary and fed to
\fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1). The exit status from \fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1) is
preserved unless a decompression error occurs; then exit status is 2.
.PP
Die Namen \fBlzcmp\fP und \fBlzdiff\fP dienen der Abwärtskompatibilität zu den
LZMA\-Dienstprogrammen.
.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
\fBcmp\fP(1), \fBdiff\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBgzip\fP(1), \fBbzip2\fP(1), \fBlzop\fP(1),
\fBzstd\fP(1), \fBzdiff\fP(1)
.SH FEHLER
Die Meldungen der Programme \fBcmp\fP(1) oder \fBdiff\fP(1) können auf temporäre
Dateinamen verweisen anstatt auf die tatsächlich angegebenen Dateinamen.

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.\"
.\" Authors: Andrew Dudman
.\" Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.\" (Note that this file is not based on gzip's zless.1.)
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZLESS 1 "27. September 2010" Tukaani XZ\-Dienstprogramme
.SH BEZEICHNUNG
xzless, lzless \- mit xz oder lzma komprimierte (Text\-)Dateien betrachten
.SH ÜBERSICHT
\fBxzless\fP [\fIDatei\fP …]
.br
\fBlzless\fP [\fIDatei\fP …]
.SH BESCHREIBUNG
\fBxzless\fP ist ein Filter, der Text aus komprimierten Dateien in einem
Terminal anzeigt. Es funktioniert mit Dateien, die mit \fBxz\fP(1) oder
\fBlzma\fP(1) komprimiert sind. Falls keine \fIfiles\fP angegeben sind, liest
\fBxzless\fP aus der Standardeingabe.
.PP
\fBxzless\fP verwendet \fBless\fP(1) zur Darstellung der Ausgabe. Im Gegensatz zu
\fBxzmore\fP können Sie das zu verwendende Textanzeigeprogramm nicht durch
Setzen einer Umgebungsvariable ändern. Die Befehle basieren auf \fBmore\fP(1)
und \fBvi\fP(1) und ermöglichen Vorwärts\- und Rückwärtssprünge sowie
Suchvorgänge. In der Handbuchseite zu \fBless\fP(1) finden Sie weiter
Information.
.PP
Der Befehl \fBlzless\fP dient der Abwärtskompatibilität zu den
LZMA\-Dienstprogrammen.
.SH UMGEBUNGSVARIABLEN
.TP
\fBLESSMETACHARS\fP
Dies enthält eine Zeichenliste mit Bezug zur Shell. Wenn diese Variable
nicht bereits gesetzt ist, wird sie durch \fBxzless\fP gesetzt.
.TP
\fBLESSOPEN\fP
Dies ist auf die Befehlszeile zum Aufruf von \fBxz\fP(1) gesetzt, die zur
Vorverarbeitung der Eingabedateien für \fBless\fP(1) nötig ist.
.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
\fBless\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzmore\fP(1), \fBzless\fP(1)

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZMORE 1 "30. Juni 2013" Tukaani XZ\-Dienstprogramme
.SH BEZEICHNUNG
xzmore, lzmore \- mit xz oder lzma komprimierte (Text\-)Dateien lesen
.SH ÜBERSICHT
\fBxzmore\fP [\fIDatei …\fP]
.br
\fBlzmore\fP [\fIDatei …\fP]
.SH BESCHREIBUNG
\fBxzmore\fP ist ein Filter zur seitenweisen Anzeige von Textdateien in einem
Terminal, die mit \fBxz\fP(1) oder \fBlzma\fP(1) komprimiert wurden.
.PP
Um ein anderes Textanzeigeprogramm als den voreingestellten \fBmore\fP zu
verwenden, setzen Sie die Umgebungsvariable \fBPAGER\fP auf das gewünschte
Programm. Der Name \fBlzmore\fP dient der Abwärtskompatibilität zu den
LZMA\-Dienstprogrammen.
.TP
\fBe\fP oder \fBq\fP
Wenn die Zeile \-\-Mehr\-\-(Nächste Datei: \fIDatei\fP) angezeigt wird, wird
\fBxzmore\fP mit diesem Befehl beendet.
.TP
\fBs\fP
Wenn die Zeile \-\-Mehr\-\-(Nächste Datei: \fIDatei\fP) angezeigt wird, springt
\fBxzmore\fP zur nächsten Datei und zeigt diese an.
.PP
Eine Liste der bei der Betrachtung von Dateiinhalten verfügbaren
Tastaturbefehle finden Sie in der Handbuchseite des verwendeten
Textanzeigeprogramms, meist \fBmore\fP(1).
.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
\fBmore\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzless\fP(1), \fBzmore\fP(1)

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xzdiff.1

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xzmore.1

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.\"
.\" Author: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZDEC 1 19\-04\-2017 Tukaani "Utilitaires XZ"
.SH NOM
xzdec, lzmadec \- Small .xz et .lzma decompresseurs
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBxzdec\fP [\fIoption...\fP] [\fIfichier...\fP]
.br
\fBlzmadec\fP [\fIoption...\fP] [\fIfichier...\fP]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBxzdec\fP est un outil uniquement de décompression, basé sur liblzma pour les
fichiers \fB.xz\fP (et seulement \fB.xz\fP). \fBxzdec\fP est destiné à remplacer
\fBxz\fP(1) dans les situations les plus courantes où un script a été écrit
pour utiliser \fBxz \-\-decompress \-\-stdout\fP (et possiblement quelques autres
options courantes) pour décompresser des fichiers \fB.xz\fP. \fBlzmadec\fP est
identique à \fBxzdec\fP, sauf que \fBlzmadec\fP prend en charge les fichiers
\&\fB.lzma\fP au lieu des fichiers \fB.xz\fP.
.PP
Pour réduire la taille de l'exécutable, \fBxzdec\fP ne prend en charge ni le
multithreading ni la localisation et ne lit pas les options des variables
d'environnement \fBXZ_DEFAULTS\fP et \fBXZ_OPT\fP. \fBxzdec\fP ne gère pas
l'affichage d'information sur la progression du traitement\ : envoyer
\fBSIGINFO\fP à \fBxzdec\fP ne fait rien, mais envoyer \fBSIGUSR1\fP termine le
processus au lieu d'afficher de l'information sur la progression.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
\fB\-d\fP, \fB\-\-decompress\fP, \fB\-\-uncompress\fP
Ignoré pour la compatibilité avec \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzdec\fP ne gère que la
décompression.
.TP
\fB\-k\fP, \fB\-\-keep\fP
Ignoré pour la compatibilité avec \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzdec\fP ne crée ni ne supprime
jamais aucun fichier.
.TP
\fB\-c\fP, \fB\-\-stdout\fP, \fB\-\-to\-stdout\fP
Ignoré pour la compatibilité avec \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzdec\fP écrit toujours les
données décompressées sur la sortie standard.
.TP
\fB\-q\fP, \fB\-\-quiet\fP
Spécifier cela une fois ne fait rien, car \fBxzdec\fP n'affiche jamais aucun
avertissement ou notification. Spécifier cela deux fois pour supprimer les
erreurs.
.TP
\fB\-Q\fP, \fB\-\-no\-warn\fP
Ignoré pour la compatibilité avec \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzdec\fP n'utilise jamais le
satut de sortie\ 2.
.TP
\fB\-h\fP, \fB\-\-help\fP
Afficher un message d'aide et quitter.
.TP
\fB\-V\fP, \fB\-\-version\fP
Afficher le numéro de version de \fBxzdec\fP et liblzma.
.SH "STATUT DE SORTIE"
.TP
\fB0\fP
Tout s'est bien passé.
.TP
\fB1\fP
Une erreur est survenue.
.PP
A la différence de \fBxz\fP(1),\fBxzdec\fP n'a pas de messages d'avertissement, et
donc le statut de sortie\ 2 n'est pas utilisé par \fBxzdec\fP.
.SH NOTES
Utilisez \fBxz\fP(1) au lieu de \fBxzdec\fP ou \fBlzmadec\fP pour un usage normal de
tous les jours. \fBxzdec\fP ou \fBlzmadec\fP ne sont utiles que pour les
situations où il est important d'avoir un plus petit décompresseur que le
\fBxz\fP(1) complet.
.PP
\fBxzdec\fP et \fBlzmadec\fP ne sont en fait pas vraiment si petits. La taille
peut être encore réduite en abandonnant des fonctionnalités de liblzma au
moment de la compilation, mais cela ne devrait pas être fait pour des
exécutables distribués sur des systèmes d'exploitation classique non
embarqués. Si vous avez besoin d'un décompresseur vraiment petit, pensez à
utiliser XZ\ Embedded.
.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
\fBxz\fP(1)
.PP
XZ Embarqué: <https://tukaani.org/xz/embedded.html>

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\"
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\" Andrew Dudman
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZDIFF 1 2021\-06\-04 Tukaani "Utilitaires XZ"
.SH NOM
xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff \- Comparer des fichiers compressés.
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBxzcmp\fP [\fIcmp_options\fP] \fIfichier1\fP [\fIfichier2\fP]
.br
\fBxzdiff\fP [\fIdiff_options\fP] \fIfichier1\fP [\fIfichier2\fP]
.br
\fBlzcmp\fP [\fIcmp_options\fP] \fIfichier1\fP [\fIfichier2\fP]
.br
\fBlzdiff\fP [\fIdiff_options\fP] \fIfichier1\fP [\fIfichier2\fP]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBxzcmp\fP and \fBxzdiff\fP invoke \fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1) on files compressed
with \fBxz\fP(1), \fBlzma\fP(1), \fBgzip\fP(1), \fBbzip2\fP(1), \fBlzop\fP(1), or
\fBzstd\fP(1). All options specified are passed directly to \fBcmp\fP(1) or
\fBdiff\fP(1). If only one file is specified, then the files compared are
\fIfile1\fP (which must have a suffix of a supported compression format) and
\fIfile1\fP from which the compression format suffix has been stripped. If two
files are specified, then they are uncompressed if necessary and fed to
\fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1). The exit status from \fBcmp\fP(1) or \fBdiff\fP(1) is
preserved unless a decompression error occurs; then exit status is 2.
.PP
Les noms \fBlzcmp\fP et \fBlzdiff\fP sont fournis pour des besoins de
rétrocompatibilité avec les Utilitaires LZMA.
.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
\fBcmp\fP(1), \fBdiff\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBgzip\fP(1), \fBbzip2\fP(1), \fBlzop\fP(1),
\fBzstd\fP(1), \fBzdiff\fP(1)
.SH BOGUES
Les messages des programmes \fBcmp\fP(1) ou \fBdiff\fP(1) se réfèrent à des noms
de fichiers temporaires et non à ceux spécifiés.

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.\"
.\" Authors: Andrew Dudman
.\" Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.\" (Note that this file is not based on gzip's zless.1.)
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZLESS 1 27\-09\-2010 Tukaani "Utilitaires XZ"
.SH NOM
xzless, lzless \- Voir le contenu des fichiers (texte) compressés xz ou lzma
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBxzless\fP [\fIfichier\fP...]
.br
\fBlzless\fP [\fIfichier\fP...]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBxzless\fP est un filtre qui affiche le contenu de fichiers compressés dans
un terminal. Cela fonctionne avec les fichiers compressés avec \fBxz\fP(1) ou
\fBlzma\fP(1). Si aucun \fIfichier\fP n'est donné, \fBxzless\fP lit depuis l'entrée
standard.
.PP
\fBxzless\fP utilise \fBless\fP(1) pour afficher sa sortie. Contrairement à
\fBxzmore\fP, son choix d'afficheur ne peut pas être modifié en indiquant une
variable d'environnement. Les commandes sont basées sur \fBmore\fP(1) et
\fBvi\fP(1) et permettent des déplacements en avant et en arrière et des
recherches. Voir le manuel de \fBless\fP(1) pour plus d'information.
.PP
La commande nommée \fBlzless\fP est fournie pour la rétrocompatibilité avec les
utilitaires LZMA.
.SH ENVIRONNEMENT
.TP
\fBLESSMETACHARS\fP
Une liste de caractères spéciaux pour l'interpréteur. Définis par \fBxzless\fP
à moins qu'ils ne l'aient déjà été dans l'environnement.
.TP
\fBLESSOPEN\fP
Définir en ligne de commande le décompresseur \fBxz\fP(1) à invoquer pour
préparer les fichiers en entrée pour \fBless\fP(1).
.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
\fBless\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzmore\fP(1), \fBzless\fP(1)

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.\"
.\" This file was generated with po4a. Translate the source file.
.\"
.\"*******************************************************************
.TH XZMORE 1 30\-06\-2013 Tukaani "Utilitaires XZ"
.SH NOM
xzmore, lzmore \- Voir le contenu des fichiers (texte) compressés xz ou lzma
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBxzmore\fP [\fIfichier...\fP]
.br
\fBlzmore\fP [\fIfichier...\fP]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBxzmore\fP est un filtre qui permet d'examiner le contenu des fichiers texte
compressés \fBxz\fP(1) ou \fBlzma\fP(1), une page d'écran à la fois, sur un
terminal écran.
.PP
Pour utiliser un afficheur autre que \fBmore\fP, l'afficheur par défaut,
définissez la variable d'environnement \fBPAGER\fP avec le nom du programme
souhaité. Le nom \fBlzmore\fP est fourni pour la rétrocompatibilité avec les
utilitaires LZMA.
.TP
\fBe\fP ou \fBq\fP
Lorsque l'invite \-\-More\-\-(prochain fichier\ : \fIfichier\fP) est affiché, cette
commande force \fBxzmore\fP à quitter.
.TP
\fBs\fP
Lorsque l'invite \-\-More\-\-(prochain fichier\ : \fIfichier\fP) est affiché, cette
commande force \fBxzmore\fP à ignorer le prochain fichier et continuer.
.PP
Pour une liste des commandes clavier prises en charge lors de la lecture du
contenu d'un fichier, référez vous au manuel de l'afficheur (pager) que vous
utilisez, habituellement \fBmore\fP(1).
.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
\fBmore\fP(1), \fBxz\fP(1), \fBxzless\fP(1), \fBzmore\fP(1)

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xzdiff.1

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xzdiff.1

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xzless.1

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xz.1

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.\"
.\" Author: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.TH LZMAINFO 1 "2013-06-30" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
lzmainfo \- show information stored in the .lzma file header
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B lzmainfo
.RB [ \-\-help ]
.RB [ \-\-version ]
.RI [ file... ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B lzmainfo
shows information stored in the
.B .lzma
file header.
It reads the first 13 bytes from the specified
.IR file ,
decodes the header, and prints it to standard output in human
readable format.
If no
.I files
are given or
.I file
is
.BR \- ,
standard input is read.
.PP
Usually the most interesting information is
the uncompressed size and the dictionary size.
Uncompressed size can be shown only if
the file is in the non-streamed
.B .lzma
format variant.
The amount of memory required to decompress the file is
a few dozen kilobytes plus the dictionary size.
.PP
.B lzmainfo
is included in XZ Utils primarily for
backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.TP
.B 0
All is good.
.TP
.B 1
An error occurred.
.SH BUGS
.B lzmainfo
uses
.B MB
while the correct suffix would be
.B MiB
(2^20 bytes).
This is to keep the output compatible with LZMA Utils.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR xz (1)

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.TH PYTHON "1"
.\" To view this file while editing, run it through groff:
.\" groff -Tascii -man python.man | less
.SH NAME
python \- an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B python
[
.B \-B
]
[
.B \-b
]
[
.B \-d
]
[
.B \-E
]
[
.B \-h
]
[
.B \-i
]
[
.B \-I
]
.br
[
.B \-m
.I module-name
]
[
.B \-q
]
[
.B \-O
]
[
.B \-OO
]
[
.B \-P
]
[
.B \-s
]
[
.B \-S
]
[
.B \-u
]
.br
[
.B \-v
]
[
.B \-V
]
[
.B \-W
.I argument
]
[
.B \-x
]
[
.B \-X
.I option
]
[
.B \-?
]
.br
[
.B \--check-hash-based-pycs
.I default
|
.I always
|
.I never
]
.br
[
.B \--help
]
[
.B \--help-env
]
[
.B \--help-xoptions
]
[
.B \--help-all
]
.br
[
.B \-c
.I command
|
.I script
|
\-
]
[
.I arguments
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax.
For an introduction to programming in Python, see the Python Tutorial.
The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types,
constants, functions and modules.
Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and
semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail.
(These documents may be located via the
.B "INTERNET RESOURCES"
below; they may be installed on your system as well.)
.PP
Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in
C or C++.
On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded.
Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing
applications.
See the internal documentation for hints.
.PP
Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be
viewed by running the
.B pydoc
program.
.SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-B
Don't write
.I .pyc
files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.
.TP
.B \-b
Issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance)
and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors)
.TP
.BI "\-c " command
Specify the command to execute (see next section).
This terminates the option list (following options are passed as
arguments to the command).
.TP
.BI "\-\-check-hash-based-pycs " mode
Configure how Python evaluates the up-to-dateness of hash-based .pyc files.
.TP
.B \-d
Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on
compilation options).
.TP
.B \-E
Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify
the behavior of the interpreter.
.TP
.B \-h ", " \-? ", "\-\-help
Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.
.TP
.B "\-\-help\-env"
Prints help about Python-specific environment variables and exits.
.TP
.B "\-\-help\-xoptions"
Prints help about implementation-specific \fB\-X\fP options and exits.
.TP
.TP
.B "\-\-help\-all"
Prints complete usage information and exits.
.TP
.B \-i
When a script is passed as first argument or the \fB\-c\fP option is
used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the
command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be
useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
raises an exception.
.TP
.B \-I
Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies \fB\-E\fP, \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-s\fP. In
isolated mode sys.path contains neither the script's directory nor the user's
site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too.
Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting
malicious code.
.TP
.BI "\-m " module-name
Searches
.I sys.path
for the named module and runs the corresponding
.I .py
file as a script. This terminates the option list (following options
are passed as arguments to the module).
.TP
.B \-O
Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of
__debug__; augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by
adding .opt-1 before the .pyc extension.
.TP
.B \-OO
Do \fB-O\fP and also discard docstrings; change the filename for
compiled (bytecode) files by adding .opt-2 before the .pyc extension.
.TP
.B \-P
Don't automatically prepend a potentially unsafe path to \fBsys.path\fP such
as the current directory, the script's directory or an empty string. See also the
\fBPYTHONSAFEPATH\fP environment variable.
.TP
.B \-q
Do not print the version and copyright messages. These messages are
also suppressed in non-interactive mode.
.TP
.B \-s
Don't add user site directory to sys.path.
.TP
.B \-S
Disable the import of the module
.I site
and the site-dependent manipulations of
.I sys.path
that it entails. Also disable these manipulations if
.I site
is explicitly imported later.
.TP
.B \-u
Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered.
This option has no effect on the stdin stream.
.TP
.B \-v
Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given
twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when
searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup
at exit.
.TP
.B \-V ", " \-\-version
Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits. When given
twice, print more information about the build.
.TP
.BI "\-W " argument
Warning control. Python's warning machinery by default prints warning messages
to
.IR sys.stderr .
The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all warnings
emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by default):
-Wdefault # Warn once per call location
-Werror # Convert to exceptions
-Walways # Warn every time
-Wmodule # Warn once per calling module
-Wonce # Warn once per Python process
-Wignore # Never warn
The action names can be abbreviated as desired and the interpreter will resolve
them to the appropriate action name. For example,
.B -Wi
is the same as
.B -Wignore .
The full form of argument is:
.IB action:message:category:module:lineno
Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. For
example
.B -W ignore::DeprecationWarning
ignores all DeprecationWarning warnings.
The
.I action
field is as explained above but only applies to warnings that match
the remaining fields.
The
.I message
field must match the whole printed warning message; this match is
case-insensitive.
The
.I category
field matches the warning category (ex: "DeprecationWarning"). This must be a
class name; the match test whether the actual warning category of the message
is a subclass of the specified warning category.
The
.I module
field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive.
The
.I lineno
field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus
equivalent to an omitted line number.
Multiple
.B -W
options can be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action
for the last matching option is performed. Invalid
.B -W
options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about invalid options
when the first warning is issued).
Warnings can also be controlled using the
.B PYTHONWARNINGS
environment variable and from within a Python program using the warnings
module. For example, the warnings.filterwarnings() function can be used to use
a regular expression on the warning message.
.TP
.BI "\-X " option
Set implementation-specific option. The following options are available:
-X faulthandler: enable faulthandler
-X showrefcount: output the total reference count and number of used
memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds
-X tracemalloc: start tracing Python memory allocations using the
tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a
traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a
traceback limit of NFRAME frames
-X importtime: show how long each import takes. It shows module name,
cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'
-X dev: enable CPython's "development mode", introducing additional runtime
checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It will not be
more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings are
only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:
* Add default warning filter, as -W default
* Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()
C function
* Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash
* Enable asyncio debug mode
* Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True
* io.IOBase destructor logs close() exceptions
-X utf8: enable UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default
locale-aware mode. -X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would
otherwise activate automatically). See PYTHONUTF8 for more details
-X pycache_prefix=PATH: enable writing .pyc files to a parallel tree rooted at the
given directory instead of to the code tree.
-X warn_default_encoding: enable opt-in EncodingWarning for 'encoding=None'
-X no_debug_ranges: disable the inclusion of the tables mapping extra location
information (end line, start column offset and end column offset) to every
instruction in code objects. This is useful when smaller code objects and pyc
files are desired as well as suppressing the extra visual location indicators
when the interpreter displays tracebacks.
-X frozen_modules=[on|off]: whether or not frozen modules should be used.
The default is "on" (or "off" if you are running a local build).
-X int_max_str_digits=number: limit the size of int<->str conversions.
This helps avoid denial of service attacks when parsing untrusted data.
The default is sys.int_info.default_max_str_digits. 0 disables.
.TP
.B \-x
Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS
specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will
be off by one!
.SH INTERPRETER INTERFACE
The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when
called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a
file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
executes a
.I script
from that file;
when called with
.B \-c
.IR command ,
it executes the Python statement(s) given as
.IR command .
Here
.I command
may contain multiple statements separated by newlines.
Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is
executed.
.PP
If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are
passed to the script in the Python variable
.IR sys.argv ,
which is a list of strings (you must first
.I import sys
to be able to access it).
If no script name is given,
.I sys.argv[0]
is an empty string; if
.B \-c
is used,
.I sys.argv[0]
contains the string
.I '-c'.
Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself
are not placed in
.IR sys.argv .
.PP
In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt
(which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'.
The prompts can be changed by assignment to
.I sys.ps1
or
.IR sys.ps2 .
The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt.
When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and
control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the
interpreter exits after printing the stack trace.
The interrupt signal raises the
.I Keyboard\%Interrupt
exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is
sometimes ignored, in favor of the
.I IOError
exception). Error messages are written to stderr.
.SH FILES AND DIRECTORIES
These are subject to difference depending on local installation
conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent
and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same.
The default for both is \fI/usr/local\fP.
.IP \fI${exec_prefix}/bin/python\fP
Recommended location of the interpreter.
.PP
.I ${prefix}/lib/python<version>
.br
.I ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
.RS
Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard
modules.
.RE
.PP
.I ${prefix}/include/python<version>
.br
.I ${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
.RS
Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files
needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the
interpreter.
.RE
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.IP PYTHONSAFEPATH
If this is set to a non-empty string, don't automatically prepend a potentially
unsafe path to \fBsys.path\fP such as the current directory, the script's
directory or an empty string. See also the \fB\-P\fP option.
.IP PYTHONHOME
Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and
${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}
are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to
\fI/usr/local\fP. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value
replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values
for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
.IP PYTHONPATH
Augments the default search path for module files.
The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory
pathnames separated by colons.
Non-existent directories are silently ignored.
The default search path is installation dependent, but generally
begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME above).
The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH.
If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is
inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH.
The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the
variable
.IR sys.path .
.IP PYTHONPLATLIBDIR
Override sys.platlibdir.
.IP PYTHONSTARTUP
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that
file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive
mode.
The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands
are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used
without qualification in the interactive session.
You can also change the prompts
.I sys.ps1
and
.I sys.ps2
in this file.
.IP PYTHONOPTIMIZE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-O\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
specifying \fB\-O\fP multiple times.
.IP PYTHONDEBUG
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-d\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
specifying \fB\-d\fP multiple times.
.IP PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-B\fP option (don't try to write
.I .pyc
files).
.IP PYTHONINSPECT
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-i\fP option.
.IP PYTHONIOENCODING
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used
for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
.IB encodingname ":" errorhandler
The
.IB errorhandler
part is optional and has the same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the
.IB errorhandler
part is ignored; the handler will always be \'backslashreplace\'.
.IP PYTHONNOUSERSITE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
\fB\-s\fP option (Don't add the user site directory to sys.path).
.IP PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-u\fP option.
.IP PYTHONVERBOSE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-v\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
specifying \fB\-v\fP multiple times.
.IP PYTHONWARNINGS
If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to
specifying the \fB\-W\fP option for each separate value.
.IP PYTHONHASHSEED
If this variable is set to "random", a random value is used to seed the hashes
of str and bytes objects.
If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for
generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its
purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
the value 0 will disable hash randomization.
.IP PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS
Limit the maximum digit characters in an int value
when converting from a string and when converting an int back to a str.
A value of 0 disables the limit. Conversions to or from bases 2, 4, 8,
16, and 32 are never limited.
.IP PYTHONMALLOC
Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks. The available
memory allocators are
.IR malloc
and
.IR pymalloc .
The available debug hooks are
.IR debug ,
.IR malloc_debug ,
and
.IR pymalloc_debug .
.IP
When Python is compiled in debug mode, the default is
.IR pymalloc_debug
and the debug hooks are automatically used. Otherwise, the default is
.IR pymalloc .
.IP PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the pymalloc
memory allocator every time a new pymalloc object arena is created, and on
shutdown.
.IP
This variable is ignored if the
.RB $ PYTHONMALLOC
environment variable is used to force the
.BR malloc (3)
allocator of the C library, or if Python is configured without pymalloc support.
.IP PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the debug
mode of the asyncio module.
.IP PYTHONTRACEMALLOC
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing
Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module.
.IP
The value of the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a
traceback of a trace. For example,
.IB PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1
stores only the most recent frame.
.IP PYTHONFAULTHANDLER
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string,
.IR faulthandler.enable()
is called at startup: install a handler for SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS
and SIGILL signals to dump the Python traceback.
.IP
This is equivalent to the \fB-X faulthandler\fP option.
.IP PYTHONEXECUTABLE
If this environment variable is set,
.IB sys.argv[0]
will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only
works on Mac OS X.
.IP PYTHONUSERBASE
Defines the user base directory, which is used to compute the path of the user
.IR site-packages
directory and Distutils installation paths for
.IR "python setup\.py install \-\-user" .
.IP PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will
show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting
\fB\-X importtime\fP on the command line.
.IP PYTHONBREAKPOINT
If this environment variable is set to 0, it disables the default debugger. It
can be set to the callable of your debugger of choice.
.SS Debug-mode variables
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is,
if Python was configured with the
\fB\--with-pydebug\fP build option.
.IP PYTHONTHREADDEBUG
If this environment variable is set, Python will print threading debug info.
The feature is deprecated in Python 3.10 and will be removed in Python 3.12.
.IP PYTHONDUMPREFS
If this environment variable is set, Python will dump objects and reference
counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.
.SH AUTHOR
The Python Software Foundation: https://www.python.org/psf/
.SH INTERNET RESOURCES
Main website: https://www.python.org/
.br
Documentation: https://docs.python.org/
.br
Developer resources: https://devguide.python.org/
.br
Downloads: https://www.python.org/downloads/
.br
Module repository: https://pypi.org/
.br
Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce
.SH LICENSING
Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file
"LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms &
conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a
DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.

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xz.1

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xz.1

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xzdiff.1

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.\"
.\" Author: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.TH XZDEC 1 "2017-04-19" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
xzdec, lzmadec \- Small .xz and .lzma decompressors
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xzdec
.RI [ option... ]
.RI [ file... ]
.br
.B lzmadec
.RI [ option... ]
.RI [ file... ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B xzdec
is a liblzma-based decompression-only tool for
.B .xz
(and only
.BR .xz )
files.
.B xzdec
is intended to work as a drop-in replacement for
.BR xz (1)
in the most common situations where a script
has been written to use
.B "xz \-\-decompress \-\-stdout"
(and possibly a few other commonly used options) to decompress
.B .xz
files.
.B lzmadec
is identical to
.B xzdec
except that
.B lzmadec
supports
.B .lzma
files instead of
.B .xz
files.
.PP
To reduce the size of the executable,
.B xzdec
doesn't support multithreading or localization,
and doesn't read options from
.B XZ_DEFAULTS
and
.B XZ_OPT
environment variables.
.B xzdec
doesn't support displaying intermediate progress information: sending
.B SIGINFO
to
.B xzdec
does nothing, but sending
.B SIGUSR1
terminates the process instead of displaying progress information.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.BR \-d ", " \-\-decompress ", " \-\-uncompress
Ignored for
.BR xz (1)
compatibility.
.B xzdec
supports only decompression.
.TP
.BR \-k ", " \-\-keep
Ignored for
.BR xz (1)
compatibility.
.B xzdec
never creates or removes any files.
.TP
.BR \-c ", " \-\-stdout ", " \-\-to-stdout
Ignored for
.BR xz (1)
compatibility.
.B xzdec
always writes the decompressed data to standard output.
.TP
.BR \-q ", " \-\-quiet
Specifying this once does nothing since
.B xzdec
never displays any warnings or notices.
Specify this twice to suppress errors.
.TP
.BR \-Q ", " \-\-no-warn
Ignored for
.BR xz (1)
compatibility.
.B xzdec
never uses the exit status 2.
.TP
.BR \-h ", " \-\-help
Display a help message and exit successfully.
.TP
.BR \-V ", " \-\-version
Display the version number of
.B xzdec
and liblzma.
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
.TP
.B 0
All was good.
.TP
.B 1
An error occurred.
.PP
.B xzdec
doesn't have any warning messages like
.BR xz (1)
has, thus the exit status 2 is not used by
.BR xzdec .
.SH NOTES
Use
.BR xz (1)
instead of
.B xzdec
or
.B lzmadec
for normal everyday use.
.B xzdec
or
.B lzmadec
are meant only for situations where it is important to have
a smaller decompressor than the full-featured
.BR xz (1).
.PP
.B xzdec
and
.B lzmadec
are not really that small.
The size can be reduced further by dropping
features from liblzma at compile time,
but that shouldn't usually be done for executables distributed
in typical non-embedded operating system distributions.
If you need a truly small
.B .xz
decompressor, consider using XZ Embedded.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR xz (1)
.PP
XZ Embedded: <https://tukaani.org/xz/embedded.html>

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\"
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\" Andrew Dudman
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.TH XZDIFF 1 "2021-06-04" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff \- compare compressed files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xzcmp
.RI [ cmp_options "] " file1 " [" file2 ]
.br
.B xzdiff
.RI [ diff_options "] " file1 " [" file2 ]
.br
.B lzcmp
.RI [ cmp_options "] " file1 " [" file2 ]
.br
.B lzdiff
.RI [ diff_options "] " file1 " [" file2 ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B xzcmp
and
.B xzdiff
invoke
.BR cmp (1)
or
.BR diff (1)
on files compressed with
.BR xz (1),
.BR lzma (1),
.BR gzip (1),
.BR bzip2 (1),
.BR lzop (1),
or
.BR zstd (1).
All options specified are passed directly to
.BR cmp (1)
or
.BR diff (1).
If only one file is specified, then the files compared are
.I file1
(which must have a suffix of a supported compression format) and
.I file1
from which the compression format suffix has been stripped.
If two files are specified,
then they are uncompressed if necessary and fed to
.BR cmp (1)
or
.BR diff (1).
The exit status from
.BR cmp (1)
or
.BR diff (1)
is preserved unless a decompression error occurs; then exit status is 2.
.PP
The names
.B lzcmp
and
.B lzdiff
are provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR cmp (1),
.BR diff (1),
.BR xz (1),
.BR gzip (1),
.BR bzip2 (1),
.BR lzop (1),
.BR zstd (1),
.BR zdiff (1)
.SH BUGS
Messages from the
.BR cmp (1)
or
.BR diff (1)
programs refer to temporary filenames instead of those specified.

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xzgrep.1

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xzgrep.1

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.\"
.\" Original zgrep.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\" Charles Levert <charles@comm.polymtl.ca>
.\"
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.TH XZGREP 1 "2022-07-19" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
xzgrep \- search compressed files for a regular expression
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xzgrep
.RI [ grep_options ]
.RB [ \-e ]
.I pattern
.RI [ file... ]
.br
.B xzegrep
\&...
.br
.B xzfgrep
\&...
.br
.B lzgrep
\&...
.br
.B lzegrep
\&...
.br
.B lzfgrep
\&...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B xzgrep
invokes
.BR grep (1)
on
.I files
which may be either uncompressed or compressed with
.BR xz (1),
.BR lzma (1),
.BR gzip (1),
.BR bzip2 (1),
.BR lzop (1),
or
.BR zstd (1).
All options specified are passed directly to
.BR grep (1).
.PP
If no
.I file
is specified, then standard input is decompressed if necessary
and fed to
.BR grep (1).
When reading from standard input,
.BR gzip (1),
.BR bzip2 (1),
.BR lzop (1),
and
.BR zstd (1)
compressed files are not supported.
.PP
If
.B xzgrep
is invoked as
.B xzegrep
or
.B xzfgrep
then
.B grep \-E
or
.B grep \-F
is used instead of
.BR grep (1).
The same applies to names
.BR lzgrep ,
.BR lzegrep ,
and
.BR lzfgrep ,
which are provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
.SH EXIT STATUS
.TP
0
At least one match was found from at least one of the input files.
No errors occurred.
.TP
1
No matches were found from any of the input files.
No errors occurred.
.TP
>1
One or more errors occurred.
It is unknown if matches were found.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.TP
.B GREP
If the
.B GREP
environment variable is set,
.B xzgrep
uses it instead of
.BR grep (1),
.BR "grep \-E" ,
or
.BR "grep \-F" .
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR grep (1),
.BR xz (1),
.BR gzip (1),
.BR bzip2 (1),
.BR lzop (1),
.BR zstd (1),
.BR zgrep (1)

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.\"
.\" Authors: Andrew Dudman
.\" Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" This file has been put into the public domain.
.\" You can do whatever you want with this file.
.\"
.\" (Note that this file is not based on gzip's zless.1.)
.\"
.TH XZLESS 1 "2010-09-27" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
xzless, lzless \- view xz or lzma compressed (text) files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xzless
.RI [ file ...]
.br
.B lzless
.RI [ file ...]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B xzless
is a filter that displays text from compressed files to a terminal.
It works on files compressed with
.BR xz (1)
or
.BR lzma (1).
If no
.I files
are given,
.B xzless
reads from standard input.
.PP
.B xzless
uses
.BR less (1)
to present its output.
Unlike
.BR xzmore ,
its choice of pager cannot be altered by
setting an environment variable.
Commands are based on both
.BR more (1)
and
.BR vi (1)
and allow back and forth movement and searching.
See the
.BR less (1)
manual for more information.
.PP
The command named
.B lzless
is provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.TP
.B LESSMETACHARS
A list of characters special to the shell.
Set by
.B xzless
unless it is already set in the environment.
.TP
.B LESSOPEN
Set to a command line to invoke the
.BR xz (1)
decompressor for preprocessing the input files to
.BR less (1).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR less (1),
.BR xz (1),
.BR xzmore (1),
.BR zless (1)

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.\"
.\" Original zdiff.1 for gzip: Jean-loup Gailly
.\" Modifications for XZ Utils: Lasse Collin
.\"
.\" License: GNU GPLv2+
.\"
.TH XZMORE 1 "2013-06-30" "Tukaani" "XZ Utils"
.SH NAME
xzmore, lzmore \- view xz or lzma compressed (text) files
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xzmore
.RI [ file... ]
.br
.B lzmore
.RI [ file... ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B xzmore
is a filter which allows examination of
.BR xz (1)
or
.BR lzma (1)
compressed text files one screenful at a time
on a soft-copy terminal.
.PP
To use a pager other than the default
.B more,
set environment variable
.B PAGER
to the name of the desired program.
The name
.B lzmore
is provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
.TP
.BR e " or " q
When the prompt \-\-More\-\-(Next file:
.IR file )
is printed, this command causes
.B xzmore
to exit.
.TP
.B s
When the prompt \-\-More\-\-(Next file:
.IR file )
is printed, this command causes
.B xzmore
to skip the next file and continue.
.PP
For list of keyboard commands supported while actually viewing the
content of a file, refer to manual of the pager you use, usually
.BR more (1).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR more (1),
.BR xz (1),
.BR xzless (1),
.BR zmore (1)

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.Dd February 15, 2008
.Dt FFI 3
.Sh NAME
.Nm FFI
.Nd Foreign Function Interface
.Sh LIBRARY
libffi, -lffi
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In ffi.h
.Ft ffi_status
.Fo ffi_prep_cif
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "ffi_abi abi"
.Fa "unsigned int nargs"
.Fa "ffi_type *rtype"
.Fa "ffi_type **atypes"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo ffi_prep_cif_var
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "ffi_abi abi"
.Fa "unsigned int nfixedargs"
.Fa "unsigned int ntotalargs"
.Fa "ffi_type *rtype"
.Fa "ffi_type **atypes"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo ffi_call
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "void (*fn)(void)"
.Fa "void *rvalue"
.Fa "void **avalue"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The foreign function interface provides a mechanism by which a function can
generate a call to another function at runtime without requiring knowledge of
the called function's interface at compile time.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ffi_prep_cif 3 ,
.Xr ffi_prep_cif_var 3 ,
.Xr ffi_call 3

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.Dd February 15, 2008
.Dt ffi_call 3
.Sh NAME
.Nm ffi_call
.Nd Invoke a foreign function.
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In ffi.h
.Ft void
.Fo ffi_call
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "void (*fn)(void)"
.Fa "void *rvalue"
.Fa "void **avalue"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm ffi_call
function provides a simple mechanism for invoking a function without
requiring knowledge of the function's interface at compile time.
.Fa fn
is called with the values retrieved from the pointers in the
.Fa avalue
array. The return value from
.Fa fn
is placed in storage pointed to by
.Fa rvalue .
.Fa cif
contains information describing the data types, sizes and alignments of the
arguments to and return value from
.Fa fn ,
and must be initialized with
.Nm ffi_prep_cif
before it is used with
.Nm ffi_call .
.Pp
.Fa rvalue
must point to storage that is sizeof(ffi_arg) or larger for non-floating point
types. For smaller-sized return value types, the
.Nm ffi_arg
or
.Nm ffi_sarg
integral type must be used to hold
the return value.
.Sh EXAMPLES
.Bd -literal
#include <ffi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
unsigned char
foo(unsigned int, float);
int
main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
ffi_cif cif;
ffi_type *arg_types[2];
void *arg_values[2];
ffi_status status;
// Because the return value from foo() is smaller than sizeof(long), it
// must be passed as ffi_arg or ffi_sarg.
ffi_arg result;
// Specify the data type of each argument. Available types are defined
// in <ffi/ffi.h>.
arg_types[0] = &ffi_type_uint;
arg_types[1] = &ffi_type_float;
// Prepare the ffi_cif structure.
if ((status = ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI,
2, &ffi_type_uint8, arg_types)) != FFI_OK)
{
// Handle the ffi_status error.
}
// Specify the values of each argument.
unsigned int arg1 = 42;
float arg2 = 5.1;
arg_values[0] = &arg1;
arg_values[1] = &arg2;
// Invoke the function.
ffi_call(&cif, FFI_FN(foo), &result, arg_values);
// The ffi_arg 'result' now contains the unsigned char returned from foo(),
// which can be accessed by a typecast.
printf("result is %hhu", (unsigned char)result);
return 0;
}
// The target function.
unsigned char
foo(unsigned int x, float y)
{
unsigned char result = x - y;
return result;
}
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ffi 3 ,
.Xr ffi_prep_cif 3

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.Dd February 15, 2008
.Dt ffi_prep_cif 3
.Sh NAME
.Nm ffi_prep_cif
.Nd Prepare a
.Nm ffi_cif
structure for use with
.Nm ffi_call
.
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In ffi.h
.Ft ffi_status
.Fo ffi_prep_cif
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "ffi_abi abi"
.Fa "unsigned int nargs"
.Fa "ffi_type *rtype"
.Fa "ffi_type **atypes"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm ffi_prep_cif
function prepares a
.Nm ffi_cif
structure for use with
.Nm ffi_call
.
.Fa abi
specifies a set of calling conventions to use.
.Fa atypes
is an array of
.Fa nargs
pointers to
.Nm ffi_type
structs that describe the data type, size and alignment of each argument.
.Fa rtype
points to an
.Nm ffi_type
that describes the data type, size and alignment of the
return value. Note that to call a variadic function
.Nm ffi_prep_cif_var
must be used instead.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion,
.Nm ffi_prep_cif
returns
.Nm FFI_OK .
It will return
.Nm FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF
if
.Fa cif
is
.Nm NULL
or
.Fa atypes
or
.Fa rtype
is malformed. If
.Fa abi
does not refer to a valid ABI,
.Nm FFI_BAD_ABI
will be returned. Available ABIs are
defined in
.Nm <ffitarget.h> .
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ffi 3 ,
.Xr ffi_call 3 ,
.Xr ffi_prep_cif_var 3

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.Dd January 25, 2011
.Dt ffi_prep_cif_var 3
.Sh NAME
.Nm ffi_prep_cif_var
.Nd Prepare a
.Nm ffi_cif
structure for use with
.Nm ffi_call
for variadic functions.
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In ffi.h
.Ft ffi_status
.Fo ffi_prep_cif_var
.Fa "ffi_cif *cif"
.Fa "ffi_abi abi"
.Fa "unsigned int nfixedargs"
.Fa "unsigned int ntotalargs"
.Fa "ffi_type *rtype"
.Fa "ffi_type **atypes"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm ffi_prep_cif_var
function prepares a
.Nm ffi_cif
structure for use with
.Nm ffi_call
for variadic functions.
.Fa abi
specifies a set of calling conventions to use.
.Fa atypes
is an array of
.Fa ntotalargs
pointers to
.Nm ffi_type
structs that describe the data type, size and alignment of each argument.
.Fa rtype
points to an
.Nm ffi_type
that describes the data type, size and alignment of the
return value.
.Fa nfixedargs
must contain the number of fixed (non-variadic) arguments.
Note that to call a non-variadic function
.Nm ffi_prep_cif
must be used.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion,
.Nm ffi_prep_cif_var
returns
.Nm FFI_OK .
It will return
.Nm FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF
if
.Fa cif
is
.Nm NULL
or
.Fa atypes
or
.Fa rtype
is malformed. If
.Fa abi
does not refer to a valid ABI,
.Nm FFI_BAD_ABI
will be returned. Available ABIs are
defined in
.Nm <ffitarget.h>
.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ffi 3 ,
.Xr ffi_call 3 ,
.Xr ffi_prep_cif 3

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.\"
.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
.\"
.\" Chet Ramey
.\" Information Network Services
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
.\" Last Change: Fri Jul 17 09:43:01 EDT 2020
.\"
.TH HISTORY 3 "2020 July 17" "GNU History 8.1"
.\"
.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
.\"
.de FN
\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
..
.ds lp \fR\|(\fP
.ds rp \fR\|)\fP
.\" FnN return-value fun-name N arguments
.de Fn1
\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3\fP\\*(rp
.br
..
.de Fn2
.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4\fP\\*(rp
.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4\fP\\*(rp
.br
..
.de Fn3
.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4,\|\\$5\fP\|\\*(rp
.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4, \\$5\fP\\*(rp
.br
..
.de Vb
\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP
.br
..
.SH NAME
history \- GNU History Library
.SH COPYRIGHT
.if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2020 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2020 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.SH DESCRIPTION
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU
History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
composing new ones.
.PP
.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
The history library supports a history expansion feature that
is identical to the history expansion in
.BR bash.
This section describes what syntax features are available.
.PP
History expansions introduce words from the history list into
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
.PP
History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
is read.
It takes place in two parts.
The first is to determine which line from the history list
to use during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
the current one.
The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
The line is broken into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
does when reading input,
so that several words that would otherwise be separated
are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
the history expansion character.
.SS Event Designators
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
position in the history list.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B !
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
.BR blank ,
newline, = or (.
.TP
.B !\fIn\fR
Refer to command line
.IR n .
.TP
.B !\-\fIn\fR
Refer to the current command minus
.IR n .
.TP
.B !!
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
.TP
.B !\fIstring\fR
Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
starting with
.IR string .
.TP
.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
containing
.IR string .
The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
.I string
is followed immediately by a newline.
If \fIstring\fP is missing, the string from the most recent search is used;
it is an error if there is no previous search string.
.TP
.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing
.I string1
with
.IR string2 .
Equivalent to
``!!:s\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u''
(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
.TP
.B !#
The entire command line typed so far.
.PD
.SS Word Designators
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
A
.B :
separates the event specification from the word designator.
It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
.BR ^ ,
.BR $ ,
.BR * ,
.BR \- ,
or
.BR % .
Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B 0 (zero)
The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command
word.
.TP
.I n
The \fIn\fRth word.
.TP
.B ^
The first argument. That is, word 1.
.TP
.B $
The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
.TP
.B %
The first word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search,
if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word.
.TP
.I x\fB\-\fPy
A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
.TP
.B *
All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym
for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use
.B *
if there is just one
word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
.TP
.B x*
Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
.TP
.B x\-
Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
If \fBx\fP is missing, it defaults to 0.
.PD
.PP
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
.SS Modifiers
After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
.PP
.PD 0
.PP
.TP
.B h
Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
.TP
.B t
Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
.TP
.B r
Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
basename.
.TP
.B e
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
.TP
.B p
Print the new command but do not execute it.
.TP
.B q
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
.TP
.B x
Quote the substituted words as with
.BR q ,
but break into words at
.B blanks
and newlines.
The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one
supplied is used.
.TP
.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
Substitute
.I new
for the first occurrence of
.I old
in the event line.
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
event line.
The delimiter may be quoted in
.I old
and
.I new
with a single backslash. If & appears in
.IR new ,
it is replaced by
.IR old .
A single backslash will quote the &.
If
.I old
is null, it is set to the last
.I old
substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
the last
.I string
in a
.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
search.
If
.I new
is null, each matching
.I old
is deleted.
.TP
.B &
Repeat the previous substitution.
.TP
.B g
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with
`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
if it is the last character of the event line.
An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
.TP
.B G
Apply the following `\fBs\fP' or `\fB&\fP' modifier once to each word
in the event line.
.PD
.SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
.SS Introduction to History
A programmer using the History library has available functions
for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
in the list directly. In addition, a history \fIexpansion\fP function
is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
different programs.
.PP
The user using programs written with the History library has the
benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are
identical to
the history substitution provided by \fBbash\fP.
.PP
The programmer can also use the readline library, which
includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
advantage of command line editing.
.PP
Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
library provides in other code, an application writer should include
the file
.FN <readline/history.h>
in any file that uses the
History library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all
of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
the public data structures.
.SS History Storage
The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is
declared as follows:
.PP
.Vb "typedef void *" histdata_t;
.PP
.nf
typedef struct _hist_entry {
char *line;
char *timestamp;
histdata_t data;
} HIST_ENTRY;
.fi
.PP
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
.PP
.Vb "HIST_ENTRY **" the_history_list;
.PP
The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
.PP
.nf
/*
* A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
*/
typedef struct _hist_state {
HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
int flags;
} HISTORY_STATE;
.fi
.PP
If the flags member includes \fBHS_STIFLED\fP, the history has been
stifled.
.SH "History Functions"
This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
exported by the GNU History library.
.SS Initializing History and State Management
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
the state of the History library when you want to use the history
functions in your program.
.Fn1 void using_history void
Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This
initializes the interactive variables.
.Fn1 "HISTORY_STATE *" history_get_history_state void
Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
.Fn1 void history_set_history_state "HISTORY_STATE *state"
Set the state of the history list according to \fIstate\fP.
.SS History List Management
These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
parameters managing the list itself.
.Fn1 void add_history "const char *string"
Place \fIstring\fP at the end of the history list. The associated data
field (if any) is set to \fBNULL\fP.
If the maximum number of history entries has been set using
\fBstifle_history()\fP, and the new number of history entries would exceed
that maximum, the oldest history entry is removed.
.Fn1 void add_history_time "const char *string"
Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to
\fIstring\fP.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" remove_history "int which"
Remove history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP from the history. The
removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
and containing structure.
.Fn1 "histdata_t" free_history_entry "HIST_ENTRY *histent"
Free the history entry \fIhistent\fP and any history library private
data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data
so the caller can dispose of it.
.Fn3 "HIST_ENTRY *" replace_history_entry "int which" "const char *line" "histdata_t data"
Make the history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP have \fIline\fP and \fIdata\fP.
This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
application-specific data. In the case
of an invalid \fIwhich\fP, a \fBNULL\fP pointer is returned.
.Fn1 void clear_history "void"
Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
.Fn1 void stifle_history "int max"
Stifle the history list, remembering only the last \fImax\fP entries.
The history list will contain only \fImax\fP entries at a time.
.Fn1 int unstifle_history "void"
Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set
maximum number of history entries (as set by \fBstifle_history()\fP).
history was stifled. The value is positive if the history was
stifled, negative if it wasn't.
.Fn1 int history_is_stifled "void"
Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
.SS Information About the History List
These functions return information about the entire history list or
individual list entries.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY **" history_list "void"
Return a \fBNULL\fP terminated array of \fIHIST_ENTRY *\fP which is the
current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
If there is no history, return \fBNULL\fP.
.Fn1 int where_history "void"
Returns the offset of the current history element.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" current_history "void"
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
\fBwhere_history()\fP. If there is no entry there, return a \fBNULL\fP
pointer.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" history_get "int offset"
Return the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
The range of valid values of \fIoffset\fP starts at \fBhistory_base\fP
and ends at \fBhistory_length\fP \- 1.
If there is no entry there, or if \fIoffset\fP is outside the valid
range, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.Fn1 "time_t" history_get_time "HIST_ENTRY *"
Return the time stamp associated with the history entry passed as the argument.
.Fn1 int history_total_bytes "void"
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
history.
.SS Moving Around the History List
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
set or changed.
.Fn1 int history_set_pos "int pos"
Set the current history offset to \fIpos\fP, an absolute index
into the list.
Returns 1 on success, 0 if \fIpos\fP is less than zero or greater
than the number of history entries.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" previous_history "void"
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return
a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" next_history "void"
If the current history offset refers to a valid history entry,
increment the current history offset.
If the possibly-incremented history offset refers to a valid history
entry, return a pointer to that entry;
otherwise, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
.SS Searching the History List
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward
from the current history position. The search may be \fIanchored\fP,
meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
.Fn2 int history_search "const char *string" "int direction"
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history offset.
If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is through
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If \fIstring\fP is found, then
the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
\fIstring\fP was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
returned.
.Fn2 int history_search_prefix "const char *string" "int direction"
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history
offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
\fIstring\fP. If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is
through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If \fIstring\fP is found, then the
current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0.
Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
.Fn3 int history_search_pos "const char *string" "int direction" "int pos"
Search for \fIstring\fP in the history list, starting at \fIpos\fP, an
absolute index into the list. If \fIdirection\fP is negative, the search
proceeds backward from \fIpos\fP, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute
index of the history element where \fIstring\fP was found, or -1 otherwise.
.SS Managing the History File
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
.Fn1 int read_history "const char *filename"
Add the contents of \fIfilename\fP to the history list, a line at a time.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 if successful, or \fBerrno\fP if not.
.Fn3 int read_history_range "const char *filename" "int from" "int to"
Read a range of lines from \fIfilename\fP, adding them to the history list.
Start reading at line \fIfrom\fP and end at \fIto\fP.
If \fIfrom\fP is zero, start at the beginning. If \fIto\fP is less than
\fIfrom\fP, then read until the end of the file. If \fIfilename\fP is
\fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP. Returns 0 if successful,
or \fBerrno\fP if not.
.Fn1 int write_history "const char *filename"
Write the current history to \fIfilename\fP, overwriting \fIfilename\fP
if necessary.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then write the history list to \fI~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
.Fn2 int append_history "int nelements" "const char *filename"
Append the last \fInelements\fP of the history list to \fIfilename\fP.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then append to \fI~/.history\fP.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
.Fn2 int history_truncate_file "const char *filename" "int nlines"
Truncate the history file \fIfilename\fP, leaving only the last
\fInlines\fP lines.
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then \fI~/.history\fP is truncated.
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on failure.
.SS History Expansion
These functions implement history expansion.
.Fn2 int history_expand "char *string" "char **output"
Expand \fIstring\fP, placing the result into \fIoutput\fP, a pointer
to a string. Returns:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
0
If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
character);
.TP
1
if expansions did take place;
.TP
-1
if there was an error in expansion;
.TP
2
if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
as with the \fB:p\fP modifier.
.PD
.RE
If an error occurred in expansion, then \fIoutput\fP contains a descriptive
error message.
.Fn3 "char *" get_history_event "const char *string" "int *cindex" "int qchar"
Returns the text of the history event beginning at \fIstring\fP +
\fI*cindex\fP. \fI*cindex\fP is modified to point to after the event
specifier. At function entry, \fIcindex\fP points to the index into
\fIstring\fP where the history event specification begins. \fIqchar\fP
is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
.Fn1 "char **" history_tokenize "const char *string"
Return an array of tokens parsed out of \fIstring\fP, much as the
shell might.
The tokens are split on the characters in the
\fBhistory_word_delimiters\fP variable,
and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
.Fn3 "char *" history_arg_extract "int first" "int last" "const char *string"
Extract a string segment consisting of the \fIfirst\fP through \fIlast\fP
arguments present in \fIstring\fP. Arguments are split using
\fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
.SS History Variables
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
the GNU History Library.
.Vb int history_base
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
.Vb int history_length
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
.Vb int history_max_entries
The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
\fBstifle_history()\fP.
.Vb int history_write_timestamps
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that
timestamps are not saved.
The current timestamp format uses the value of \fIhistory_comment_char\fP
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that variable does
not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written.
.Vb char history_expansion_char
The character that introduces a history event. The default is \fB!\fP.
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
.Vb char history_subst_char
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
a line. The default is \fB^\fP.
.Vb char history_comment_char
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
This is disabled by default.
.Vb "char *" history_word_delimiters
The characters that separate tokens for \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
The default value is \fB"\ \et\en()<>;&|"\fP.
.Vb "char *" history_no_expand_chars
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
following \fBhistory_expansion_char\fP. The default is space, tab, newline,
\fB\er\fP, and \fB=\fP.
.Vb "char *" history_search_delimiter_chars
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
string, in addition to space, tab, \fI:\fP and \fI?\fP in the case of
a substring search. The default is empty.
.Vb int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
If non-zero, double-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
character or the history comment character. The default value is 0.
.Vb "rl_linebuf_func_t *" history_inhibit_expansion_function
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
a \fBchar *\fP (\fIstring\fP)
and an \fBint\fP index into that string (\fIi\fP).
It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
\fIstring[i]\fP should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
be done.
It is intended for use by applications like \fBbash\fP that use the history
expansion character for additional purposes.
By default, this variable is set to \fBNULL\fP.
.SH FILES
.PD 0
.TP
.FN ~/.history
Default filename for reading and writing saved history
.PD
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PD 0
.TP
\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
.TP
\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
.TP
\fIbash\fP(1)
.TP
\fIreadline\fP(3)
.PD
.SH AUTHORS
Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
.br
bfox@gnu.org
.PP
Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
.br
chet.ramey@case.edu
.SH BUG REPORTS
If you find a bug in the
.B history
library, you should report it. But first, you should
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of the
.B history
library that you have.
.PP
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
to \fPbug-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
newsgroup
.BR gnu.bash.bug .
.PP
Comments and bug reports concerning
this manual page should be directed to
.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .

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